A Review of Ricochet Occurrence: As a Function of Critical Angle and Different Material Targets
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37506/n7wvkd29Keywords:
Projectile, ricochet, critical angle, target surface, ammunition, calibreAbstract
Bullet ricochets are a frequent occurrence in shooting situations and can yield a lot of information that helps in the reconstruction of the shooting incident. This review is cumulation of various bullet ricochet examinations done worldwide based on critical angle, target material, and type of bullet, along with methodology opted for ricochet angle calculation. The article overviews ricochet angles observed on common surfaces like wood, concrete, metal sheets, glass, ceramic, water etc. at different critical angles and other relevant findings. The review also explores additional factors impacting ricochet events such as bullet wipes marks, splintering effect, ramping effect, skidding effect, plugging effect and tunnelling effects. The combined knowledge of these discoveries advances our comprehension of both the complex dynamics of bullet ricochets and forensic ballistics.
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