Determinants and Outcomes of COVID-19 during the Third Wave: A Cross sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37506/khstkn07Keywords:
COVID-19, Pandemic, Specialized hospital, Third wave, d-dimerAbstract
Aim: The threat of COVID-19 has since been continuing as a recurring wave with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus changing it’s variant form frequently. This study was conducted with the aim to study the clinical profile, laboratory parameters, complications, and other outcomes of patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 infection during the third wave in a tertiary care hospital in Manipur, India.
Materials and methods: This is a single-centre retrospective study, and the necessary data were collected from the medical record department of RIMS (Regional Institute of Medical Sciences) Hospital, Imphal. In this study, the case records of COVID-19 positive patients who were hospitalized in the RIMS Hospital from 1st January 2022 to 31st March 2022 has been collected. Corresponding data on demographic profile, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, complications, and clinical outcome has been collected and compared between patients deemed as non-severe and severe cases.
Results and Conclusions: The analysis included 275 confirmed COVID-19 patients, and median age was 37 years and IQR (Inter quartile range) was (27-62) years; 41.5% (n = 114) were male, and 14% (n=16) deaths. Vaccination was significantly associated with the severity of disease among the older population. Aging, duration of hospitalization and d-dimer were independent factors increasing the risk of death due to COVID-19 (p < 0.001).
References
Cucinotta D, Vanelli M. WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020 Mar 19;91(1):157–60.
New COVID-19 variant detected in South Africa [Internet]. NICD. 2021 [cited 2024 Feb 7]. Available from: https://www.nicd.ac.za/new-covid-19-variant-detected-in-south-africa/
Sah R, Rais MA, Mohanty A, Chopra H, Chandran D, Bin Emran T, et al. Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant and its subvariants and lineages may lead to another COVID-19 wave in the world? -An overview of current evidence and counteracting strategies. Int J Surg Open. 2023 Jun;55:100625.
AFP. WHO names new COVID-19 variant Omicron, designates it a ‘variant of concern.’ The Hindu [Internet]. 2021 Nov 26 [cited 2024 Feb 7]; Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/who-declares-b11529-covid-19-variant-of-concern-renamed-omicron/article37710387.ece
COVID-19 third wave experience in India, a survey of 5971 adults | medRxiv [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 7]. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.26.22274273v1
Baig R, Mateen MA, Aborode AT, Novman S, Abdul Matheen I, Siddiqui OS, et al. Third wave in India and an update on vaccination: A short communication. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2022 Mar 4;75:103414.
Will COVID Third Wave Affect Children more than Adults? | Metropolis Blogs [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 7]. Available from: https://www.metropolisindia.com/blog/health-wellness/will-covid-third-wave-affect-children-more-than-adults
Hindustan Times [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Feb 7]. India’s first Omicron cases detected in Karnataka. Available from: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-first-omicron-cases-detected-in-karnataka-101638445884205.html
Mitra S, Muley A, Bavishi A, Patel G, Bhattacharya A. Characteristics and Outcomes of COVID-19 during the Third Wave of COVID Pandemic: A Single-center Descriptive Study. JAPI. 2023 Feb 7;71(2):37–40.
Being ready: The Hindu Editorial on vaccination and India’s third COVID-19 wave - The Hindu [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 7]. Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/being-ready-the-hindu-editorial-on-vaccination-and-indias-third-covid-19-wave/article65190426.ece
ICMR. CLINICAL GUIDANCE FOR MANAGEMENT OF ADULT COVID-19 PATIENTS [Internet]. AIIMS/ ICMR-COVID-19 National Task Force/ Joint Monitoring Group (Dte.GHS) Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India; Available from: https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/techdoc/COVID_Clinical_Management_19032023.pdf
Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services, (EMR Division). Revised Guidelines on Clinical Management of COVID – 19 [Internet]. Government of India Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Directorate General of Health Services (EMR Division); 2020. Available from: https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedNationalClinicalManagementGuidelineforCOVID1931032020.pdf
Kim MK, Lee B, Choi YY, Um J, Lee KS, Sung HK, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 40 Patients Infected With the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2022 Jan 17;37(3):e31.
Maslo C, Friedland R, Toubkin M, Laubscher A, Akaloo T, Kama B. Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients in South Africa During the COVID-19 Omicron Wave Compared With Previous Waves. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):583–4.
Terada M, Ohtsu H, Saito S, Hayakawa K, Tsuzuki S, Asai Y, et al. Risk factors for severity on admission and the disease progression during hospitalisation in a large cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Japan. BMJ Open. 2021 Jun 15;11(6):e047007.
Oda Y, Shimada M, Shiraishi S, Kurai O. Treatment and outcome of COVID-19 patients in a specialized hospital during the third wave: advance of age and increased mortality compared with the first/second waves. JA Clin Rep. 2021 Dec 14;7(1):85.
Vasileiou E, Simpson CR, Shi T, Kerr S, Agrawal U, Akbari A, et al. Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2021 May 1;397(10285):1646–57.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Moirangthem Arun Singh, Nepram Sanjib Singh, Laishram Trinity Meetei, Kshetrimayum Birendra Singh, Y. Arunkumar singh, Th. Suraj Singh

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/deed.en